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AT THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ABOUT THE HISTORY OF BOEOTIA (CHAERONEA 14 SEPTEMBER 2024) I PRESENTED THE NEW DISCOVERIES IN THE MATHEMATICS OF DINOCRATES WHO USED THE EGYPTIAN STADIUM OF 157.5 m. ESPECIALLY IN MY NEW COMPBINED METHOD I DISCIVERED THAT THE AMPHIPOLIS MATHEMATICAL LION OF THE MATHEMATICAL TOMB OF HEPHAESTION IS THE SAME AS THE MATHEMATICAL LION IN CHAERONEA. ALSO I DISCOVERED THAT DINOCRATES IN 322 BC DESIGNED THE MATHEMATICAL TOMB OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN VERGINA WHICH IS THE TOMB II DISCOVERED BY ANDRONIKOS IN 1977. SPECIFICALLY ON PAGE 249 OF VOLUME Δ OF THE HISTORY OF THE GREEK NATION WE READ THAT IN 322 BC PERDICCAS, TEMPORARILY MARRIED NICAEA THE DAUGHTER OF ANTIPATER OF MACEDONIA, IN ORDER TO BURY THE BODY OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN VERGINA . HOWEVER, IN 321 BC THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN THE VERGINA REMAINED EMPTY, AFTER PTOLEMY DROVE THE CHARIOT WITH THE BODY OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT TO BE BURIED IN EGYPT. THEN IN 320 BC DINOCRATES DESIGNED THE MATHEMATICAL TOMB OF HERO HEPHAESTION IN AMPHIPOLIS WITH THE MATHEMATICAL LION.
Lefteris Kaliambos (Natural Philosophy)
September 14, 2024
Here I present the VOTIVE RELIEF of the hero Hephaestion (Archaeological Museum in Thessaloniki inscribed, "To the Hero Hephaestion"). According to the history of Greek People Alexander sent messengers to the oracle at Siwa to ask if Amon would permit Hephaestion to be worshipped as a god. When the reply came saying he might be worshipped not as a god, but as a divine hero, Alexander was pleased and "from that day forward saw that his friend was honoured with a hero's rites". This photo is from the interview I gave to the author of the Spiritual Thessaly Mrs Dimitra Bardani about the mathematical tomb of Hero Hephaestion. That is, according to the History of Greek People (Hellenistic period) and the writings of WIKIPEDIA Dinocrates using the secrets from the Amun Oracle planned the ancient Alexandria and the tomb for the divine hero HEPHAESTION in Amphipolis, which replaces the Pyre. So I discovered that the stadion of the base of the planned Pyre is just the diameter d = 1 stadion = 157.5 m ) of the base of the mathematical tomb in Amphipolis. Moreover, after the announcement of the Amphipolis excavators (2014) that the tomb of Hephaestion was built by Dinocrates, finally by applying my own combinatory method I revealed that the mathematics of the walls of Alexandria are with such a similarity to the geometrical elements of the tomb of Hephaestion that they fully support the opinion of the excavators that the builder of the mathematical tomb of Hephaestion (320 BC) is Dinocrates. Also according to my own combined method, Dinocrates in 322 BC built the MATHEMATICAL TOMB OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT in VERGINA (VOLUME Δ page 249) and also in 316 BC he built the mathematical monument of lion in Chaeronea. After it was revealed that the mathematical lion of Chaeronea has the same height Λ = 5.365 m as the height of the mathematical lion on the mathematical tomb of Amphipolis. (Λ = 5.365 m). This fact of the same mathematical lions in Amphipolis and Chaeronea today is known worldwide, as it was published in WIKIA under the title "CORRECT AMPHIPOLIS LION".
BRIEF HISTORY OF EXCAVATIONS AND CONTROVERSIAL CLAIMS
Starting with the history of excavations in the so-called Kasta tomb near Amphipolis of Macedonia I emphasize that in the1970s the archaeologist D. Lazaridis found a building on the top of the centre of the mound, and he thought to have been a grave marker. In fact, later the archaeologist in charge of the excavation of the Amphipolis tomb Katerina Peristeri at the 26th Annual Scientific Meeting on Archaeological Works in Macedonia and Thrace (March 22, 2013) showed that the building was the foundation base of the so-called Amphipolis lion.
Peristeri’s site architect, Michalis Lefantzis, had identified the blocks of the Lion’s current reconstructed base and a large number of further fragments in the same area as belonging to the tumulus. Apparently, they had been taken from the mound and used in securing the bank of the river Strymon. This strongly suggests that the animal originally crowned the top of the tumulus having a surrounding wall of a very large perimeter of 497m. K. Peristeri also proposed that the Kasta Tumulus could be the tomb of Roxane and Alexander IV and had drawn a connection between it and Dinocrates Alexander’s favourite architect.( See " The Tomb of Roxane?").
In August of 2014 K. Peristeri, announced that the Amphipolis tomb is a magnificent cone pyramid with a diameter D = 158.4 m, It is a little greater than the correct diameter d = 1 Hellenistic stadium = 157.5 m because it was calculated with respect to the perimeter of 497 m measured outside the surrounding wall. However in the absence of a detailed knowledge about the ancient astronomy the excavation team of Amphipolis could not relate it with the correct diameter (d ) of the tomb. For example M. Lefantzis in trying to relate the diameter D = 158.4 m with the perimeter of the walls of Alexandria in Egypt suggested arbitrarily that the Hellenistic stadium is equal to 165 m. (See “Lingering Mysteries of the Amphipolis Tomb”).
In fact, the mean perimeter (P) of the surrounding wall is
P = πd = 3.1416 X 157.5 = 494.8 m .
The initial public speculation that it could be the tomb of Alexander the Great, because of its great diameter was dismissed by the experts community when commenting on the published findings, as the available historical records mention Alexandria in Egypt as the last known location of Alexander's body; it has been supported instead, that a hero-general of Alexander the Great could be either a wealthy Macedonian noble.
On October 6, 2014 Mr.Theodoros Mavrogiannis, associate professor of history and archeology at the University of Cyprus, announced that the Amphipolis tomb belongs to the Hero Hephaestion, but he hypothesized incorrectly that the Hellenistic stadium is equal to 158.4 m . (See “ Ο Ηφαιστίων ετάφη ως βασιλεύς- Philenews” Nevertheless Mavrogiannis based on the historical sources was correct by writing that the tomb of Amphipolis belongs to the Hero Hephaestion. Τoday in Thessaloniki archaeological museum there is a votive relief of the HERO HEPHAESTION with a Greek inscription ΔΙΟΓΕΝΗΣ ΗΦΑΙΣΤΙΟΝΙ ΗΡΩΙ (Diogenes to Hephaestion Hero). The Hephaestion mathematical tomb was also the place where Macedonians worshiped their King Alexander the Great as a hero like Heracles-Zeus, because the two sphinxes of the Hephaestion tomb are similar to those of Memphis in Egypt, where was constructed earlier the tomb of Alexander the Great. ( See my ALEXANDER'S WHORSIP IN AMPHIPOLIS).
Here you see the mathematical tomb of Amphipolis as I showed it in my Greek article " ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ ΤΑΦΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΗΦΑΙΣΤΙΩΝΑ".Starting with the mathematical surrounding wall of the tomb we see that the width x = 0.9 m results from the difference D - d = 158.4 - 157.5 = 0.9 m, where Dinocrates using the sacred number 3 set the height Z = 3x = 2.7 m. Thus the volume V of the circular precinct if calculated in cubic Alexandrian stadia results from the relation
V = xZπ = (0.9 /157.5) (2.7 /157.5) (3.14159 ..) = 0.0003 cubic stadia
Here we see that in order to determine the height Z of the mathematical surrounding wall, Dinocrates deliberately determined that the volume of the wall contains a fractional value of the sacred number 3. Thus taking into account that the value of π since the years of the construction of the Great Pyramid (2560 BC) were given by the simple relation
π = 4 /Φ0.5 or π = 4 /(1.272 ..) = 3.1446
then we can wtite
(Z /3) Z (1 /d 2) (4 /Φ0.5 ) = 3/104 or (Z /d) 2 = (9/4) (Φ 0.5 ) (1/10 4 )
So we will have Z = d (Φ 0.5) 0.5 (3/200) = 2.7 m
In the lower levels of the third chamber in November 2014 were found 550 bones scattered within and outside of the grave, and the Ministry of Culture on January 19, 2015 announced that the three bones of them belong to an adult person and that the cremated person was the first “tenant” of the tomb since ancient Greeks had stopped burning their dead after the 3rd-2nd century B.C. (See "Five dead inside Amphipolis tomb").
The archaeologist K. Peristeri also has made a number of important discoveries on the site since August 2014:Two marble sphinxes, a fresco, paint still visible, that mimics an Ionian peristyle, on top of which the sphinxes sit, two female statues of the Caryatid type in the antechamber, which support the entrance to the second compartment of the tomb the height of each Caryatid is α = 2.27 m. The Caryatids are on a pedestal β = 1.40 m tall making the total height of the statues (α + β) = 3.67 m. It is of interest to note that after a careful mathematical analysis I discovered for the Caryatids the so-called Golden Section. ( See my "Discoveries in Amphipolis").
Particularly I found that (α +β )/α = α /β = Φ = ( 1 + 50.5)/2
That is, (2.27 + 1.4 )/2.27 = 2.27/1.4 = 1.62 = (1 +50.5)/2
Katerina Peristeri also discovered a marble door, typical of Macedonian tomb doors, broken into pieces in front of the doorway to the third chamber, a mosaic—3 m wide and 4.5 m long—in the third chamber, which seems to depict Persephone abducted by the god Pluto, the head of the eastern sphinx in the third and last chamber, fragments of the wings of the sphinxes in the third chamber, an eight square metre vault and a marble door in the third chamber.
Here you see the MATHEMATICAL BURIAL MONUMENT as I showed it in my article "Μαθηματικός τάφος του Ηφαιστίωνα". Most surprising, however, is the height (T = 6 m) as well as the overall length (M = 13.5 m) of the monument, because the M/T ratio = 13.5 / 6 = 2.25 = 9 / 4 refers us to the x, y, z dimensions of the Parthenon associated with the same relation y / z = x / y = 2.25 = 9/4. Really, in the representation of the mathematical funeral monument (MTM) the details of the dimensions are shown, while in the representation of the mathematical tomb the height of the mathematical monument is shown.
In fact, in a more detailed study I have shown that the width of the E = 4.5 m monument is related to the sacred number 3, since M/E = 13.5 / 4.5 = 3. And because M = 3E and T/E = 6 /4.5 = 12/9 or T = 12E/9 then the volume
V = MET /d 3 = T(9/4) T (9/12) T (1 / d 3 ) or (81/48) (T/d) 3 = 3 (3/10 5 )
That is (T/d) 3 = (144/81) (3/10 5 ) = (16/9) (3/10 5 ) or T / d = [(16/9) (3/10 5 )] 1 / 3
So T = d [(16/9) (3/10 5 )] 1/3 = 5.928527 m.
However for the 550 bones scattered within and outside of the grave Peristeri later ( March 1, 2015) announced that the burned bones may be human sacrificial remnants, although human sacrifices occurred only at the prehistoric times. (See “Amphipolis Tomb Archaeologist ‘Doesn’t Care About the Skeletons”). Of course this contradicts the original official announcement of Ministry of Culture ( January 19, 2015).
It is also unfortunate that at the 28th Excavation Meeting for Macedonia and Thrace ( March 7, 2015) the geologist Evangelos Kampouroglou provided a new inconsistent hypothesis which contradicts the history of excavation: "The Kasta tomb hill is natural, not artificial. It consists of sediments of quartzite sand, clay and sandstone, which give it a limited durability and render it unable to support any weight over 500 tons. The lion, with its base, weigh over 1,500 tons”. ( See “ Amphipolis lion not part of Casta tomb hill..”) Under such contradictions I published in WIKIA my paper “STADIUM LION AND BONES FOR HERO HEPHAESTION”
According to the excavation history in the period 1971-1984 the archaeologist Dimitris Lazaridis discovered on the top of the Kasta Tomb Hill a strange construction having a shape of a parallelepiped with a base of 9.95X9.95 = 99 m2 . Such a strange construction without any inscription of course led to a serious puzzle about its purpose. After an analysis of historical sources one should conclude that under Christian vandalisms ( 330-361 AD) the lion with its base was destroyed and pieces of lion were curried from the top of the cone pyramid to the river Strymon . ( See my TOMB RAIDERS OF AMPHIPOLIS).
Unfortunately the architect M. Lefantzis in order to provide an harmonic relation between the total height (h ) of the lion of Amphipolis and the diameter (D =158.4 m) of the circular base of the Kasta hill increased arbitrarily the total height from the correct h = 13.125 m to the wrong h =15.84 m, so that the ratio being 10 times smaller than the diameter (D = 158.4 m).
In fact, according to the “Kasta tomb-Wikipedia” the height of the lion with its base is 8 m. Thus the total height including the foundation base is h = 8 + 5. = 13 m . In detail h = 13.125 m. That is 13.125/157.5 = 1/12 stades.
Here you see the picture of the LION MONUMENT.as I showed it in my article " Correct Amphipolis lion".
So to avoid the confusion presented by the excavation team about the total height of the Hephaestion monument I discovered also that Dinocrates using the same astronomical numbers 7 and 12 could determine the total height ( Y ) of the monument. Since the height of the cone pyramid is equal to d/7 and the height of the statue of the lion with the two bases is equal to d/12 I discovered that Dinocrates for determining Y used the following math as
Y = d/7 + d/12 = d(7+12)/(7X12)
Since d = 1 stadium he could also write
Y = (7+12)/(7X12) stades.
Since one Alexandrian stadium = 157.5 m , today one gets a total height of the monument: Y = 35.6 m.
Here one sees that Kampouroglou avoided to speak about the foundation base of the lion of 1,237 tons discovered on the top of the Kasta Tomb Hill by the archaeologist Dimitris Lazaridis. So one may ask how the hill was able to support for over two thousand years the building of 1,237 tons , which is much more heavier than the 500 tons. Moreover Kampouroglou did not use the concepts of physics. For example the pressure of the lion with its bases is 1500 tons per 99 m2 = 15.15. This pressure is a little bigger than the atmospheric pressure (10 tons per 1 m2 ).
Under this new confusing speculation Katerina Peristeri, expressed her frustration in an interview with protothema.gr over Kambouroglou’s decision to make a presentation on the Casta Tomb at the Scientific Meeting for the Archaeological Work in Macedonia and Thrace. “According to the excavation team, Kambouroglou’s participation in the meeting not only violates the agreement between the people involved in the project to allow time for the study of the findings before any presentation is made, but is also an unethical and illegal act.” More specifically, lead archaeologist Katerina Peristeri told protothema.gr that Kambouroglou’s initiative violates the provision of Law. 3028/2002 (Article 39) which states that the publication of any material resulting from an excavation or other archaeological research must be authorized by the entity having the exclusive rights, as defined in the paragraphs 3,4,5 and 7 of Article 39 in the same law.
After such contradictions the General Secretary of the Archaeological Company in Athens V. Petrakos on May 10, 2015 said that the archeologists who worked for the Amphipolis tomb did not use any method of science.
Finally, during a conference in Thessaloniki, Greece, ( Sept 30, 2015), under the presentation of new findings like the monogram of Hephaestion , and the monogram “ANT” Katerina Peristeri announced incorrectly that Alexander the Great commissioned the Amphipolis tomb to Dinocrates for Hephaestion and it was constructed by Antigonus Monophthalmus. Also Peristeri said that Alexander ordered his architect Dinocrates for planning a hero shrine dedicated to Hephaestion and there was no evidence Hephaestion was actually buried in it.
In fact, according to the historical sources Alexander commissioned to Dinocrates for planning in Babylon the Hephaestion very expensive funeral monument called Pyre. Also Alexander commissioned to Cleomenes (ruler of Egypt) for constructing one hero shrine in Alexandria and a second hero shrine in the island Pharos. However after the death of Alexander the plan of Dinocrates was canceled by Perdiccas (323), and later the general of Europe Antipater commissioned to Dinocrates for constructing the tomb of Hephaestion in Amphipolis by modifying the natural Kasta hill. (320 BC).
THE MONOGRAMS OF HEPHAESTION AND OF ANTIPATER “ANT” CONFIRM MY DISCOVERY OF THE MATHEMATICAL TOMB OF HERO HEPHAESTION, WHILE THE CONTROVESIAL CLAIMS OF THE EXCAVATION TEAM ARE IN CONFLICT WITH THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In my discovery of the TOMB OF HEPHAESTION IN AMPHIPOLIS (Nov. 21, 2014) I showed that the cone pyramid in Amphipolis of Macedonia is almost similar to the very expensive plan of Dinocrates for constructing a monument called Pyre in Babylon, because it has a diameter of one Hellenistic stadium (unit length = 157.5 m.). Also it is a Mathematical tomb of hero Hephaestion because it includes the astronomical numbers 7, 12 and 3 as those of the perimeter of the walls of Alexandria in Egypt designed by the same architect Dinocrates . According to the History of Greek people (Volume Δ, page110) Alexander the Great received the mystic prophecies from the oracle of Amun and sent letters to his mother and to Antipater. Therefore Antipater was aware of the mystic numbers for constructing in Amphipolis the mathematical tomb of hero Hephaestion.
It is of interest to note that in 324 BC when Alexander returned from India, Harpalus went from Asia to Athens, bringing with him thirty ships, 6,000 mercenaries, and 5,000 talents (Diod. 17.108.6; QC 10.2.1). So, after the death of Alexander (323 BC) the plan of the expensive Pyre was cancelled by Perdicass. However after the death of Perdiccas (321 BC), in the treaty of Triparadisus Antipater participated in a new division of Alexander's great kingdom. He appointed himself supreme regent of all Alexander's empire and was left in control of Greece as guardian of Alexander's son Alexander IV and his disabled brother Philip III. Having quelled a mutiny of his troops and commissioned Antigonus to continue the war against Eumenes and the other partisans of Perdiccas, Antipater returned to Macedonia, arriving there in 320 BC (Justin xiii. 6).” So, Antipater was the one competent person to order the architect Dinocrates for constructing the Hephaestion tomb in Amphipolis of Macedonia (around 320 BC). It differs from the very expensive plan of Pyre because it was constructed after the modification of the natural Kasta hill near Amphipolis.
Indeed, according to the History of Greek People ( Ekdotike Athenon , Volume Δ) after the death of Hephaestion (324 BC ) Alexander the Great ordered his architect Dinocrates for planning in Babylon a very expensive tomb for Hephaestion (called Pyre) having a base at the very great size of one Hellenistic stadium (unit of length) = 157.5 m). Note that the same unit of length was used by the astronomer Eratosthenes (240 BC) for finding the perimeter of our Earth. ( See “Eratosthenes-WIKIPEDIA”).
So, after the death of Alexander (323 BC ) the plan of the very expensive Pyre was cancelled by Perdiccas and the army (page 245). In the paper “Hephaestion’s Pyre and the Royal Hunt of Alexander” (1999) written by the Greek archeologist Olga Palagia we read: “ The actual pyre where the body was burnt should not be confused with the project for Hephaestion’s tomb misleadingly called pyre by Diodorus, which was found among Alexander’s last plans and quashed by Perdiccas and the army.”
Also in '"Hephaestion-WIKIPEDIA" we read : "It is possible that the pyre was not burnt, but that it was actually intended as a tomb or lasting memorial; if so, it is likely that it was never completed, as there are references to expensive, uncompleted projects at the time of Alexander's own death."
In other words the tomb of Hephaestion in Amphipolis designed by the same architect Dinocrates is related to the canceled plan of the expensive Pyre because it has the same stadium = 157.5 m . But after the death of Perdiccas (321 BC) it was constructed by Antipater of Macedonia when he appointed himself supreme regent of all Alexander’s empire. (page 253).
Also in “Antipater-WIKIPEDIA” we read: “In the treaty of Triparadisus (321 BC) Antipater participated in a new division of Alexander's great kingdom. He appointed himself supreme regent of all Alexander's empire and was left in control of Greece as guardian of Alexander's son Alexander IV and his disabled brother Philip III. Having quelled a mutiny of his troops and commissioned Antigonus to continue the war against Eumenes and the other partisans of Perdiccas, Antipater returned to Macedonia, arriving there in 320 BC (Justin xiii. 6).”
However during a conference in Thessaloniki, Greece, ( Sept 30, 2015), Katerina Peristeri under the presentation of new findings like the monogram of Hephaestion , and the monogram “ANT” announced incorrectly that Alexander the Great commissioned the Amphipolis tomb to Dinocrates for Hephaestion and it was constructed by Antigonus Monophthalmus. In “Peristeri: Alexander commissioned the Amphipolis tomb for Hephaestion” we read that it was designed by Dinocrates and constructed in the 4th century BC by Antigonous Monophthalmus. Also Peristeri said that it was a hero shrine and there was no evidence Hephaestion was actually buried in it.
It is of interest to note that on Jan.19, 2015 the Ministry of Culture announced officially that the three bones as a result of high temperature ( existing among 550 bones) belong to an adult person and that the cremated person (Hephaestion) was the first “tenant” of the tomb since ancient Greeks had stopped burning their dead after the 3rd-2nd century BC.
It is unfortunate that after one month Peristeri changed her previous idea and announced that the burned bones should be the result of human sacrifices, though the human sacrifices occurred only at the prehistoric times. In fact, when messengers brought the oracle of Amun that Hephaestion should be worshiped as a divine hero (Spring 323 BC), Alexander ordered his architect Dinocrates not for planning a hero shrine dedicated to Hephaestion but for planning the expensive Pyre for the Hero Hephaestion, having a base at the very great size of one stadium = 157.5 m. (page 208). Moreover on the same page we read that Alexander ordered also Cleomenes (the ruler of Egypt) to build two hero shrines dedicated to Hephaestion, ( one in Alexandria and one in the island Pharos).
That is, the first difficulty lies in a degree of conflict with the historical background. It is well known that Alexander died only months after Hephaistion. His Last Plans (Hypomnemata) specified the completion of Hephaistion’s monuments at an enormous cost and he had asked that temples be built in major cities. However, within a week or two of Alexander’s death the army voted at an assembly in Babylon that the king’s Last Plans should not be funded.
USING A COMBINATOTY METHOD I FOUND THAT THE HELENISTIC STADIUM AND THE ASTRONOMICAL NUMBERS 3, 7 , AND 12 WERE USED FOR THE DEVINE HERO HEPHAESTION
In order to relate the perimeter (P) of the walls of Alexandria in Egypt with the geometry of the Amphipolis cone pyramid I examined carefully the diagram shown in the “History of Alexandria-WIKIPEDIA”. Using the HEPTASTADIUM of the diagram I discovered the astronomical numbers 7, 12 , and 3 applied by Dinocrates for planning the perimeter (P) of the walls of Alexandria
P = 7X12 = 84 stades .
Then a detailed analysis of the D = 158.4 m based on the same astronomical numbers led to the relation of the one Alexandrian stadium ( d = 157.5 m ) to the diameter D = 158.4 m in Amphipolis.
Surprisingly I discovered also that all dimensions of the cone pyramid are related to the same astronomical numbers used by Dinocrates for planning the perimeter of the walls in Alexandria. This fact, confirms the conclusions of the archaeologist Peristeri that the Amphipolis tomb was made by the same architect Dinocrates who planned the walls of Alexandria in 331 BC. Moreover I discovered that Alexander the Great in both cases of the foundation of Alexandria and the planning of the Hero Hephaestion tomb gave to Dinocrates the same mystic numbers receiving them from the Oracle of Amun.
In other words to avoid the wrong interpretation for the measured D = 158.4 m of the excavation team of Amphipolis I used a combinatory method based on the dimensions of the Amphipolis tomb and under a detailed historical analysis related to the ancient astronomy I discovered that the Amphipolis tomb is the significant mathematical monument (as a miniature of ancient Alexandria) made by the architect Dinocrates for the well known “HERO HEPHAESTION”. A similar method was used also by the British architect Ventris, who in 1952 deciphered linear B which extended in archaeology the Greek history.
My discovery helps the study of the Hellenistic period, because the mathematical tomb of the Hero Hephaestion in Amphipolis is the only one survived monument which gives us today the unit of length used by Dinocrates. Since Dinocrates worked for the government, no one could order him for personal purposes. Such a detailed mathematical information based on the dimensions of Amphipolis tomb supports the ideas of the Archaeologist Peristeri who always emphasized that the Amphipolis tomb was made by Dinocrates for an Alexander’s hero-general.
In fact, Dinocrates in his plan using the radius R = d/2 = 0.5 stades determined the perimeter (P) of the circular base of the cone pyramid as
P = 2πR = πd = 3.1416 X 157.5 = 494.8 m .
Of course the d = 1 stadium = 157.5 m is the diameter corresponding to the medium line (mean perimeter) of the surrounding wall along the circular base having a width w = D-d.
Surprisingly I discovered that Dinocrates in his plan determined also the second greater diameter D = 158.4 m of a perimeter measured outside the surrounding wall by using the astronomical number 3. In his plan of astronomical numbers for calculating the volume (v) of the marbles of the circular wall he suggested that
v = 0.3/103 cubic stades,
which includes the mystic numbers related to 3 = (7X12)/28. As in the case of the walls of Alexandria Dinocrates also suggested that the height of the wall (h) and the width (w) should be related with the astronomical number 3 . That is h/w = 3. So h = 3w. Here P = π is the length of a parallelepiped in which the height h = 3w. So the volume ( v ) of the parallelepiped ( volume of marbles of the surrounding wall ) should be given by
v = πhw = 0.3/103 cubic stades, or v = π (3w)w = 0.3/103
So w2 = 0.3/3π103 and w = D-d = (0.3/3π103)0.5 stades
That is D = d + w = 1 + ( 0.3/3π103)0.5 stades
Since 1 stadium is equal to 157.5 m one gets D = 157.5 + 0.9 = 158.4 m.
On the other hand since the height (H) of the cone pyramid is H = d/7, I discovered the math of Dinocrates who calculated the volume ( V ) of the cone pyramid by using the following math as
V = (1/3) (πd2/4)H or V = (1/3) (πd2/4) (d/7) = πd3/(7X12) .
Since d =1 stadium he got V = π/(7X12) cubic stades.
In other words we see here that the volume of the Hephaestion cone pyramid includes the same astronomical numbers 7 and 12, as those of the walls of ancient Alexandria including also the mathematical constant π = 3.1416.
LOOTING AND VANDALISM OF THE MATHEMATICAL TOMB OF HERO HEPHAESTION
Most archaeologists believe that the first looting of the Amphipolis tomb took place during the Roman era with campaigns to conquer Greek land. According to the History of Greek People ( Ekdotike Athenon, Volume E, from page 120 to page 130 ) on June 22, 168 BC the Roman General Lucius Aemilius Paulus (c. 229 BC – 160 BC ) won the decisive battle of Pydna. The King of Macedonia Perseus was made prisoner and the Third Macedonian War ended. After the battle of Pydna Aemilius Paulus soon was located for a long time in Amphipolis, because he learned that the city was full of treasures.
Taking into account the press conference ( November 29, 2014) that the Hephaestion cone pyramid was open like a museum, one should conclude that for Paulus it was very easy to loot all buried treasure. But according to the historical sources he did not destroy the statues, and the mosaics, because he loved the Greek culture.
In 167 B.C. in Amphipolis Aemilius Paulus proclaimed the "freedom" of the Macedonians. However, in practice, he divided the Macedonian state into four parts separated by sealed borders. Amphipolis, Pella, Thessaloniki, and Pelagonia were named the capitals. Meanwhile, back in Macedonia , while permitting his army time to rest over the fall and winter in Amphipolis, Paulus set about on a tour of the country, visiting all the major centers. It was during this tour that the real “victory celebrations” began. They would last in their entirety until after his official triumph in Rome (167 B.C).
Understanding the history of the tomb raiders of Hephaestion cone pyramid at Amphipolis depends critically on determining when and by whom the intensive sealing operation was conducted. One can answer this question by concluding that after the spectacular triumph at Rome with the golden decoration of the statues of Amphipolis the “free Macedonians” erected the sealing walls for protecting from any future vandalism what Aemilius Paulus abandoned as remains in good condition, like the sphinxes , the caryatids, and the mosaics.
The difficulty with a Roman era sealing is the question of motive. It will have been expensive and time-consuming to build the sealing walls and to dredge and transport thousands of tons of sand. Also, since there were no grave goods left, the only thing of possible value inside the tomb was the bones themselves. Yet these bones were left scattered about in and out of the grave slot. If the sealer was concerned to protect the bones, why did he not tidy them up before sealing the tomb?
An easy way to remove doubt on the sealing date would be to conclude that the “free Macedonians” in a small period after 167 CD were able to erect in front of the sphinxes only the sealing walls. In that period all three of the chambers within were not filled with sand. It happened much more later (fourth century AD) when fanatic Christians, like vandals, destroyed the statue of the lion on the top of the cone pyramid and inside the cone pyramid they destroyed also the sphinxes, the caryatids and the mosaics.
In fact, the archaeologist Katerina Peristeri said on November 29th that there were no potsherds or coins in the main chamber, but that the archaeologists found a lot in other areas: “In the main chamber we do not have any grave goods. They have been taken away or maybe they were somewhere else. The geo-survey that we are doing may give us more info about what there might be elsewhere, but in the other areas we have pottery and coins that are being cleaned and studied. We simply haven’t shown them to you. The dating is in the last quarter of the fourth century B.C in one phase and we have coins from the 2nd century B.C, which is the era of the last Macedonians to protect their monument and from the Roman years from the 3rd century A.D.”
Unfortunately, this remains ambiguous on the question of whether any of this evidence was found within the sealing wall erected in front of the sphinxes. In general, the latest datable material is likely to be a good indication of when the Hephaestion cone pyramid was finally sealed. If anything definitely Roman has been found inside that wall, then the final sealing was very probably at the period of the emperor Julian who after a vandalism made by fanatic Christians of Constantine’s era governed later to love Greek culture. In that case the parallel evidence that the tomb has only been lightly visited may imply that the sealing history is fairly complex, involving an early sealing, at the time after167 BC, a later opening and a final re-sealing at the time of the emperorJulian (361-363).
According to the History of Greek People ( Ekdotike Athenon, Volume ΣΤ page 200, and Volume Z, pages 40 and 42 ) during the third century AD under a new policy of Romans the worship of Alexander the Great was revived in Macedonia, while later Constantine the Great during his rule promoted Christians to high office and fanatic persons destroyed a large number of temples and monuments. In other words in a period from 330 to 337 fanatic Christians destroyed the statue of lion, the sphinxes, the caryatids and the mosaics. They also destroyed several other monuments near Amphipolis having statues and bones. Fortunately during the era of emperor Julian, sane Macedonians in Amphipolis were able to protect the ruined grave of the Hero Hephaestion by another future vandalism.
In “Julian-WIKIPEDIA” one reads: “He restored pagan temples which had been confiscated since Constantine’s time.” So judicious Macedonians as authentic descendants of Alexander the Great decided to protect the ruined statues and the mosaics. Perhaps they also gathered bones for cult from other destroyed monuments and put them in the destroyed coffin having a few bones of Hephaestion. Then they filled the chambers with sand dredged from the bed of the nearby River Strymonas. In that very small period of the polytheism they could not restore the statue of the lion, because the vandalism led to a large number of pieces.
AFTER A CAREFUL ANALYSIS OF THE COINS AND BONES I FOUND THAT AFTER THE CHRISTIAN VANDALISMS THE GRAVE OF HERO HEPHAESTION BECAME AN OSSUARY WITH BONES FOR CULT
On January 19, 2015 Greece’s Ministry of Culture announced that in the Amphipolis cone pyramid was found a limestone with 550 bones belonging not only to a dead person who was cremated at a time prior to the death of other 4 dead persons but also animal bones (not complete skeletons). This discovery of a limestone containing not only hundreds of human bones but also animal bones has remained a mystery. Perhaps horsemen as the defenders of the monument of Hero Hephaestion were killed under the anti-paganism policies. (330-361 AD). The DNA and the dating of bones through accelerator mass spectrometry that will follow could determine if the bones for cult belong to rulers of early periods or were gathered from cemeteries or other places after religious controversies between the defenders of the tomb and the fanatic Christians. (See my CRITICISM OF BONE RESULTS IN AMPHIPOLIS). Note that it is more difficult to determine the identity of the burned remains of the probable “tenant” to confirm the historical sources about the “Pyre” of Hephaestion. (324 BC). It is of interest to notice that according to the British author Chugg the few fragments found of an adult cremation could in fact be the original occupant.
In the “Five Dead Inside Amphipolis Tomb” ( Greek Reporters, January 19, 2015) one reads: “ Greece ‘s Ministry of Culture made an official announcement today saying that the laboratory results of the examination of the human skeletal material found inside the grave in the Amphipolis tomb show that four dead were buried in the tomb, along with the remains of a cremated dead.” The Ministry also announced: “The DNA tests that will follow will determine if the buried are related and the burial place is in fact a family tomb. It is certain, however, that the cremated person was the first tenant of the tomb since ancient Greeks had stopped burning their dead after the 3rd -2nd century B.C.”
According to the History of Greek People the worship of gods and heroes finished at the era of emperor Theodosius I. See also “ Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I –WIKIPEDIA”.
In the same way from the time of Constantine I, Christians continue to worship bones in churches. For example today the holy relics of St. Achillius who participated in the Council of Nicaea (325 AD) rest in the metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Achillios in Larissa and his feast is celebrated with great festivity every May 15th. In “Achillius of Larissa- WIKIPEDIA” one also reads: “Upon returning from the Council, Achillius is reputed to have cast down many pagan temples, built many churches, [and] cast out many demons."
CONCLUSIONS
My discovery of the Mathematical Tomb of Hero Hephaestion (Nov. 21, 2014) is confirmed not only by the Hellenistic stadium and the astronomical numbers but also by the inscription “ΠΑΡΕΛΑΒΟΝ ΗΦΑΙΣΤΙΩΝA, ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡΟΣ” (I RECEIVED HEPHAESTION, ANTIPATER) announced incorrectly by K. Peristeri on Sept. 30, 2015. In fact, after the death of Αlexander (323 BC) the plan of the very expensive monument of one stadium called PYRE was cancelled by Perdiccas and after the death of Perdiccas ( 321 BC) Antipater of Macedonia in Syria appointed himself supreme regent of all Alexander’s empire. Antipater returned to Macedonia in 320 BC ( page 253 ), where K. Peristeri (2012) discovered the Amphipolis cone pyramid after the modification of the so-called Kasta hill near Amphipolis.
Surprisingly using the historical sources and applying a combinatory method related to ancient astronomy I discovered that the Amphipolis cone pyramid has a diameter equal to the one Alexandrian stadium = 157.5 m. So confirming the historical sources one should conclude that in 320 BC Antipater received officially the reliquary of bones for cult of the divine hero Hephaestion. Then he commissioned to the architect Dinocrates for constructing the mathematical tomb of Hephaestion, because the tomb includes also the same astronomical numbers 7, 12 and 3 as those used by Dinocrates for the foundation of the ancient Alexandria in Egypt (331 BC).
The team found not only the monogram “ ANT” but also three inscriptions with the word "parelavon" - which translates as received – along with the monogram of Hephaestion. Therefore according to the history of Greek people the monogram “ANT” belongs not to Antigonus Monophthalmus but to the Antipater who received the reliquary of bones for cult of divine hero Hephaestion for the construction of the Hephaestion mathematical tomb.
Note that in the lower levels of the third chamber (November 2014) were found 550 bones scattered within and outside of the grave, and the ministry of culture on January 19, 2015 announced that the three bones of them belong to an adult person and that the cremated person was the first “tenant” of the tomb since ancient Greeks had stopped burning their dead after the 3rd-2nd century B.C.
According to the excavation results ( November 29, 2014) coins of the third century AD were found in the Hephaestion tomb, which mean that the tomb was open for cult of Hephaestion and of Alexander the Great. This very important discovery confirms the writings of the History of Greek People ( Volume ΣΤ, page 200 ) according to which during the third century AD the worship of Alexander the Great was revived in Macedonia. In other words during the third century AD Roman emperors loved the Greek culture. However later fanatic Christians destroyed the tomb. According to the History of Greek People (Volume Z ) fanatic Christians destroyed temples and monuments of the Greek culture under the anti-paganism policies of emperors Constantine I and Constantius II. ( 330-361 AD). Fortunately during the era of the emperor Julian (361-363) Macedonians were able to protect the monument with the destroyed statues and the scattered bones of cult from any future vandalism.